diff --git a/.sops.yaml b/.sops.yaml
deleted file mode 100644
index 663d888..0000000
--- a/.sops.yaml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-keys:
-  # imbytecat — derived from ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 via ssh-to-age
-  - &imbytecat age1w74wqpmum6xa3mk5p7ya620e8mhn9afdyf30gh3fk44javxsmvssm4hs64
-
-creation_rules:
-  - path_regex: secrets/[^/]+\.(yaml|json|env)$
-    key_groups:
-      - age:
-          - *imbytecat
diff --git a/flake.lock b/flake.lock
index 6852c75..dda1924 100644
--- a/flake.lock
+++ b/flake.lock
@@ -173,28 +173,7 @@
         "lazyvim": "lazyvim",
         "nix-darwin": "nix-darwin",
         "nixos-wsl": "nixos-wsl",
-        "nixpkgs": "nixpkgs_2",
-        "sops-nix": "sops-nix"
-      }
-    },
-    "sops-nix": {
-      "inputs": {
-        "nixpkgs": [
-          "nixpkgs"
-        ]
-      },
-      "locked": {
-        "lastModified": 1775971308,
-        "narHash": "sha256-VKp9bhVSm0bT6JWctFy06ocqxGGnWHi1NfoE90IgIcY=",
-        "owner": "Mic92",
-        "repo": "sops-nix",
-        "rev": "31ac5fe5d015f76b54058c69fcaebb66a55871a4",
-        "type": "github"
-      },
-      "original": {
-        "owner": "Mic92",
-        "repo": "sops-nix",
-        "type": "github"
+        "nixpkgs": "nixpkgs_2"
       }
     },
     "systems": {
diff --git a/flake.nix b/flake.nix
index d2ac833..9e28b8a 100644
--- a/flake.nix
+++ b/flake.nix
@@ -19,11 +19,6 @@
       inputs.nixpkgs.follows = "nixpkgs";
     };
 
-    sops-nix = {
-      url = "github:Mic92/sops-nix";
-      inputs.nixpkgs.follows = "nixpkgs";
-    };
-
     catppuccin = {
       url = "github:catppuccin/nix";
       inputs.nixpkgs.follows = "nixpkgs";
diff --git a/home/default.nix b/home/default.nix
index 31874d3..7c3acb9 100644
--- a/home/default.nix
+++ b/home/default.nix
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@
     ./shell
     ./dev
     ./theme.nix
-    ./secrets.nix
   ];
 
   home = {
@@ -46,8 +45,7 @@
     just
 
     # Secrets management
-    sops
-    age
+    _1password-cli
 
     # AI coding agent
     opencode
diff --git a/home/secrets.nix b/home/secrets.nix
deleted file mode 100644
index 7c08537..0000000
--- a/home/secrets.nix
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,57 +0,0 @@
-{
-  config,
-  pkgs,
-  lib,
-  ...
-}:
-
-let
-  isDarwin = pkgs.stdenv.isDarwin;
-
-  # On Darwin, sops secrets are managed by the home-manager module;
-  # on NixOS, they are managed by the system module → /run/secrets/<name>.
-  secretPath = name: if isDarwin then config.sops.secrets.${name}.path else "/run/secrets/${name}";
-in
-{
-  # sops home-manager config — Darwin only
-  # NixOS uses the system-level module (modules/nixos/secrets.nix)
-  # to avoid systemd user service issues on WSL.
-  sops = lib.mkIf isDarwin {
-    age.sshKeyPaths = [ "${config.home.homeDirectory}/.ssh/id_ed25519" ];
-    defaultSopsFile = ../secrets/secrets.yaml;
-    defaultSopsFormat = "yaml";
-
-    secrets = {
-      ai_gateway_base_url = { };
-      ai_gateway_api_key = { };
-      exa_api_key = { };
-      context7_api_key = { };
-    };
-  };
-
-  # Generate age key from ed25519 SSH key for sops CLI
-  home.activation.sopsAgeKey = config.lib.dag.entryAfter [ "writeBoundary" ] ''
-    KEY_DIR="${config.home.homeDirectory}/.config/sops/age"
-    KEY_FILE="$KEY_DIR/keys.txt"
-    SSH_KEY="${config.home.homeDirectory}/.ssh/id_ed25519"
-    if [ -f "$SSH_KEY" ] && [ ! -f "$KEY_FILE" ]; then
-      mkdir -p "$KEY_DIR"
-      ${pkgs.ssh-to-age}/bin/ssh-to-age -private-key -i "$SSH_KEY" > "$KEY_FILE"
-      chmod 600 "$KEY_FILE"
-    fi
-  '';
-
-  programs.fish.interactiveShellInit = ''
-    # sops-nix secrets → env vars
-    for pair in \
-      AI_GATEWAY_BASE_URL:${secretPath "ai_gateway_base_url"} \
-      AI_GATEWAY_API_KEY:${secretPath "ai_gateway_api_key"} \
-      EXA_API_KEY:${secretPath "exa_api_key"} \
-      CONTEXT7_API_KEY:${secretPath "context7_api_key"}
-      set -l parts (string split : $pair)
-      if test -r $parts[2]
-        set -gx $parts[1] (cat $parts[2])
-      end
-    end
-  '';
-}
diff --git a/home/shell/fish.nix b/home/shell/fish.nix
index 39a5d0a..a1813bf 100644
--- a/home/shell/fish.nix
+++ b/home/shell/fish.nix
@@ -1,6 +1,15 @@
 { ... }:
 
 {
+  # ── 1Password env template ──────────────────────────
+  # op:// references only — no real secrets, safe to commit
+  xdg.configFile."op/env.tpl".text = ''
+    AI_GATEWAY_BASE_URL={{ op://Private/AI Gateway API/URL }}
+    AI_GATEWAY_API_KEY={{ op://Private/AI Gateway API/凭据 }}
+    EXA_API_KEY={{ op://Private/Exa API/凭据 }}
+    CONTEXT7_API_KEY={{ op://Private/Context7 API/凭据 }}
+  '';
+
   programs.fish = {
     enable = true;
 
@@ -49,6 +58,16 @@
       if test -f ~/.config/fish/local.fish
         source ~/.config/fish/local.fish
       end
+
+      # 1Password → env vars (single op call, silent if locked)
+      if command -q op
+        for line in (op inject -i ~/.config/op/env.tpl 2>/dev/null)
+          set -l kv (string split -m 1 '=' $line)
+          if test (count $kv) -ge 2
+            set -gx $kv[1] $kv[2]
+          end
+        end
+      end
     '';
   };
 }
diff --git a/lib/default.nix b/lib/default.nix
index a876719..4e71282 100644
--- a/lib/default.nix
+++ b/lib/default.nix
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ let
         useUserPackages = true;
         backupFileExtension = "bak";
         sharedModules = [
-          inputs.sops-nix.homeManagerModules.sops
           inputs.lazyvim.homeManagerModules.default
         ]
         ++ sharedModules;
@@ -45,7 +44,6 @@ in
         ../modules/nixos
         inputs.home-manager.nixosModules.home-manager
         inputs.catppuccin.nixosModules.catppuccin
-        inputs.sops-nix.nixosModules.sops
         (homeManagerConfig { inherit username; })
         { networking.hostName = hostname; }
       ]
diff --git a/modules/nixos/default.nix b/modules/nixos/default.nix
index 0b3c32f..67ab0b0 100644
--- a/modules/nixos/default.nix
+++ b/modules/nixos/default.nix
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@
     ./base.nix
     ./docker.nix
     ./locale.nix
-    ./secrets.nix
   ];
 
   # ── Default shell ──────────────────────────────────
diff --git a/modules/nixos/secrets.nix b/modules/nixos/secrets.nix
deleted file mode 100644
index 6e8162f..0000000
--- a/modules/nixos/secrets.nix
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-{ username, ... }:
-
-{
-  # ── sops (system-level) ─────────────────────────────
-  # Use NixOS module instead of home-manager module to avoid
-  # systemd user service issues on WSL.
-  # Secrets are placed in /run/secrets/<name>.
-  sops = {
-    age.sshKeyPaths = [ "/home/${username}/.ssh/id_ed25519" ];
-    defaultSopsFile = ../../secrets/secrets.yaml;
-    defaultSopsFormat = "yaml";
-
-    secrets = {
-      ai_gateway_base_url = {
-        owner = username;
-      };
-      ai_gateway_api_key = {
-        owner = username;
-      };
-      exa_api_key = {
-        owner = username;
-      };
-      context7_api_key = {
-        owner = username;
-      };
-    };
-  };
-}
diff --git a/secrets/secrets.yaml b/secrets/secrets.yaml
deleted file mode 100644
index 49505db..0000000
--- a/secrets/secrets.yaml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-ai_gateway_base_url: ENC[AES256_GCM,data:5/F4Tp6O4cYcpV6j00WOk2kXRd9iUorvD2Fl5LWKy9yJgfA=,iv:f09QoozjEEvblSOlDutw3CODju6DlTOKSjgPS5ypfJQ=,tag:ojD9CbG6ZiL3qlUzTcp4/w==,type:str]
-ai_gateway_api_key: ENC[AES256_GCM,data:bGr4RGGOANmUNY8fZzhdq4/0hdc+3g9adFaNoXTOAF823iZAbtLi6jC7EXVrDJYuTjBH,iv:YLMecyk3yIAcSY63gmEJm7NJcFD9vE0D8zqb1vNJd98=,tag:w1GThmuY3aBNr15VPOtuNg==,type:str]
-exa_api_key: ENC[AES256_GCM,data:DqZXFCHP1wpzrvXzLtmtooqKV0ljLTmAARWnfyFjm+tDmqMl,iv:7cDwuVudmWkwoI77XX5azmuOUKrUL3akI53wDc5CJks=,tag:BJZl7M0C9EQAnELcrWYN4Q==,type:str]
-context7_api_key: ENC[AES256_GCM,data:XjwUQSarEtvWA0wnbRDn8QqFxSpCQphpzgTSeK2NVcn7Z0GLTpUkalCcFg==,iv:ttULoAsJ/4PhuE/LIVok7CaekVWO3FHwKGhjUQiG0E0=,tag:Va7wdsz90LF4LWpeQYP6Iw==,type:str]
-sops:
-    age:
-        - recipient: age1w74wqpmum6xa3mk5p7ya620e8mhn9afdyf30gh3fk44javxsmvssm4hs64
-          enc: |
-            -----BEGIN AGE ENCRYPTED FILE-----
-            YWdlLWVuY3J5cHRpb24ub3JnL3YxCi0+IFgyNTUxOSArK24ySVh3cU1taUlJUENu
-            bnpLRDlwN1JYRGJpNFVpU3ZjbkZrTlBxK2drCkZCcE9ZVWN1YitZZEM4NjRkUjAx
-            Uy9yZ3F4TkRhNEpEMzRPVmM5ZjJmTW8KLS0tIDR1QVlFSkpEY2ZQZWFpOXVVTkR1
-            YUFlVW1IcGpVdjRsMmlmL1lOeEQzY1EKH1K2NomPsote6PGp30ZASKKwQoZi9x5F
-            UWPj6xphWXp/7lFE7XpujKU323tFj7mZ+wRCb77T9QTNbg8zGsUO/A==
-            -----END AGE ENCRYPTED FILE-----
-    lastmodified: "2026-04-11T15:51:24Z"
-    mac: ENC[AES256_GCM,data:x3Os/6i9jdmyIitD2dnz9Dl2GPLDVQlbPfVMRnebixFJ5fX6L0BqPRVVG20FvtCUQSzTMKp5eVZPRtti3wkr5TyQHz/0bz65B7Ucq3ssnpz0Hh/X8JyLRb6dKyRiiE3kIHf82nq+Do5oFUEG95LmRvhvbVdIzdMF/TJNVXOd4DQ=,iv:hIljr/1Y0Ra02Y4PwykNjhhxzxYFeMc1/waSCEy2skA=,tag:NoLozwKMPZVxKAg8g6R3UA==,type:str]
-    unencrypted_suffix: _unencrypted
-    version: 3.12.2